Mental Health Youth Ambassador Programme for Anti-Stigma Among Secondary Students in Hong Kong: a Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Mental Health Youth Ambassador Programme between 2016 and 2019 in terms of participants' improvement in attitudes towards individuals with depression or psychosis. METHODS: This anti-stigma programme was provided to secondary students (form 3 and above) and comprised three levels. Level 1 involved attending lectures about mental health; level 2 and level 3 involved social contact with persons-in-recovery. Students' attitudes towards those with depression and those with psychosis were assessed at baseline and after completion of each level of programme using the Chinese version of the Social Distance Scale. RESULTS: Only 25 students who were assessed at all four time points were included in analysis. The mean Social Distance Scale scores for attitudes towards depression and psychosis improved significantly across all time points. Specifically, significant improvement occurred after completion of level 2 and level 2 but not after completion of level 1. CONCLUSION: Social contact with people with mental illness (rather than attending lectures about mental health) contributed significantly to the improvement in students' attitude towards depression and psychosis. With the positive preliminary results, the Mental Health Youth Ambassador Programme should be extended to more students.

Results of a multinational survey of diagnostic and management practices of thromboembolic pulmonary embolism in children.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of thromboembolic (TE)-pediatric pulmonary embolism (PPE) is increasing. We sought to evaluate current practice patterns and gaps in the management of TE-PPE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, SurveyMonkey® questions were sent to members of the Pediatric/Neonatal Thrombosis and Hemostasis Subcommittee, of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis and the Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Society. RESULTS: Of 442 members of the two groups, 134 (30%) responded, and 125 (28%) complete responses were analyzed. Eighty percent practiced at a pediatric facility, 88% at academic centers, and 59% in the USA. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was the preferred diagnostic modality (89%). D-dimer testing was variably used; 22% used clinical diagnostic prediction models and 8% had specific clinical care pathways for TE-PPE management. Prognostic stratification models were used to guide therapy by 4%. Indications for thrombolytic therapy varied considerably; 40% had a standardized protocol for thrombolysis, employing various modalities (45% systemic, 25% catheter-directed, 19% pharmaco-mechanical) and tissue plasminogen activator dose intensities. Duration of anticoagulation was variable with 58% prescribing anticoagulation for duration of >3 months-6 months; 61% followed for long-term adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION: This multinational survey of thrombosis/hemostasis specialists mainly based at pediatric academic centers demonstrates that antithrombotic management of TE-PPE (including duration of anticoagulation and use/non-use of thrombolysis) varies considerably. Furthermore, standardized care pathways to facilitate acute evaluation and management decisions are in place in a minority of centers. These findings help to inform the design of future clinical trials in TE-PPE.

Three phylogenetic groups have driven the recent population expansion of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans var. grubii) is an environmentally acquired pathogen causing 181,000 HIV-associated deaths each year. We sequenced 699 isolates, primarily C. neoformans from HIV-infected patients, from 5 countries in Asia and Africa. The phylogeny of C. neoformans reveals a recent exponential population expansion, consistent with the increase in the number of susceptible hosts. In our study population, this expansion has been driven by three sub-clades of the C. neoformans VNIa lineage; VNIa-4, VNIa-5 and VNIa-93. These three sub-clades account for 91% of clinical isolates sequenced in our study. Combining the genome data with clinical information, we find that the VNIa-93 sub-clade, the most common sub-clade in Uganda and Malawi, was associated with better outcomes than VNIa-4 and VNIa-5, which predominate in Southeast Asia. This study lays the foundation for further work investigating the dominance of VNIa-4, VNIa-5 and VNIa-93 and the association between lineage and clinical phenotype.

The use of high-flow nasal oxygen during airway management in a child with epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica and a difficult airway.

The role of high-flow nasal oxygen in paediatric anaesthesia has been emerging in recent years. However, literature regarding its benefits in paediatric difficult airway management is limited. In this case report, we describe the use of high-flow nasal oxygen during airway management of a child with a difficult airway due to epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica in whom the use of a facemask would have been potentially harmful. Deep sedation was achieved with propofol and remifentanil while maintaining spontaneous breathing before flexible bronchoscopic tracheal intubation was attempted. However, on attempted tracheal intubation difficulty was encountered due to poor visualisation and contact bleeding. Tracheal intubation was eventually successful after converting to videolaryngoscopy. Oxygenation was maintained throughout the process despite deep sedation and a long procedure time. Moreover, no skin abrasions or mucosal injury resulted from the use of high-flow nasal oxygen. We conclude that high-flow nasal oxygen has a valuable role during airway management for a child with a predicted difficult airway when the use of a facemask would have been potentially harmful.

Relation between HbA1c and incident cardiovascular disease over a period of 6 years in the Hong Kong population.

AIM: The current trend on diabetes management advocates replacing the paradigm from a uniform to an individualized patient-centered haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) target, but there is no consensus on the optimal HbA1c level. The study aimed at examining the association between HbA1c and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) for diabetic patients with different characteristics, in order to identify patient-centered treatment targets. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 115,782 Chinese adult primary care patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) but no known CVD history, who were prescribed antidiabetic medications in 2010-2011. The cumulative mean HbA1c over a median follow-up period of 5.8 years was used to evaluate the relationship between HbA1c and CVD incidence using Cox analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted by stratifying different baseline characteristics including gender, age, smoking status, diabetes duration, body mass index, Charlson's comorbidity index and DM treatment modalities. RESULTS: For patients with a DM duration of<2years, an exponential relationship between HbA1c and risk of CVD was identified, suggesting that there was no threshold HbA1c level for CVD risk. For other diabetic patients, an HbA1c level of 6.8-7.2% was associated with a minimum risk for CVD and a J-shaped curvilinear association between HbA1c. The risk of CVD increased in patients with HbA1c<6.5% or ≥7.5%. CONCLUSION: Among Chinese primary care patients at the early (<2years) disease stage, lower HbA1c targets (<6.5%) may be warranted to prevent CVD events whilst for all others, excessively lower HbA1c levels may not necessarily better and can potentially be harmful.

Impact of baseline clinical and laboratory features on the risk of thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A prospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have increased risk of thromboembolism (TE). However, the predictors of ALL-associated TE are as yet uncertain. OBJECTIVE: This exploratory, prospective cohort study evaluated the effects of clinical (age, gender, ALL risk group) and laboratory variables (hematological parameters, ABO blood group, inherited and acquired prothrombotic defects [PDs]) at diagnosis on the development of symptomatic TE (sTE) in children (aged 1 to ≤18) treated on the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL 05-001 study. PROCEDURES: Samples collected prior to the start of ALL therapy were evaluated for genetic and acquired PDs (proteins C and S, antithrombin, procoagulant factors VIII (FVIII:C), IX, XI and von Willebrand factor antigen levels, gene polymorphisms of factor V G1691A, prothrombin gene G20210A and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, anticardiolipin antibodies, fasting lipoprotein(a), and homocysteine). RESULTS: Of 131 enrolled patients (mean age [range] 6.4 [1-17] years) 70 were male patients and 20 patients (15%) developed sTE. Acquired or inherited PD had no impact on the risk of sTE. Multivariable analyses identified older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.26) and non-O blood group (OR 3.64, 95% CI: 1.06, 12.51) as independent predictors for development of sTE. Patients with circulating blasts had higher odds of developing sTE (OR 6.66; 95% CI: 0.82, 53.85). CONCLUSION: Older age, non-O blood group, and presence of circulating blasts, but not PDs, predicted the risk of sTE during ALL therapy. We recommend evaluation of these novel risk factors in the development of ALL-associated TE. If confirmed, these easily accessible variables at diagnosis can help develop a risk-prediction model for ALL-associated TE.

Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of Nuwiq® (human-cl rhFVIII) in previously untreated patients with severe haemophilia A-Interim results from the NuProtect Study.

INTRODUCTION: Nuwiq® (Human-cl rhFVIII) is a fourth generation recombinant FVIII, produced in a human cell line, without chemical modification or protein fusion. No inhibitors developed in studies with Nuwiq® in 201 previously treated patients with haemophilia A (HA). The immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of Nuwiq® in previously untreated patients (PUPs) with severe HA are being assessed in the ongoing NuProtect study. METHODS: The study, conducted across 38 centres worldwide, is evaluating 110 true PUPs of all ages and ethnicities enrolled for study up to 100 exposure days (EDs) or 5 years maximum. The primary objective is to assess the immunogenicity of Nuwiq® (inhibitor activity ≥0.6 BU) using the Nijmegen-modified Bethesda assay at a central laboratory. RESULTS: Data for 66 PUPs with ≥20 EDs from a preplanned interim analysis were analysed. High-titre (HT) inhibitors developed in 8 of 66 patients after a median of 11.5 EDs (range 6-24). Five patients developed low-titre inhibitors (4 transient). The cumulative incidence (95% confidence interval) was 12.8% (4.5%, 21.2%) for HT inhibitors and 20.8% (10.7%, 31.0%) for all inhibitors. During inhibitor-free periods, median annualized bleeding rates during prophylaxis were 0 for spontaneous bleeds and 2.40 for all bleeds. Efficacy was rated as "excellent" or "good" in treating 91.8% of bleeds. Efficacy of surgical prophylaxis was "excellent" or "good" for 8 (89%) procedures and "moderate" for 1 (11%). No tolerability concerns were evident. CONCLUSION: These interim data show a cumulative incidence of 12.8% for HT inhibitors and convincing efficacy and tolerability in PUPs treated with Nuwiq® .

Increase in acute malnutrition in children following the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in rural Sierra Leone.

Setting: All health facility and community malnutrition screening programmes in Tonkolili, a rural Ebola-affected district in Sierra Leone. Objectives: Before the Ebola disease outbreak, Sierra Leone had set a goal to reduce the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children aged <5 years to <0.2%. We compared the number of children screened, diagnosed and treated for malnutrition before, during and after the outbreak (2013-2016). Design: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Results: Health facility screening declined from 16 805 children per month pre-outbreak to 13 510 during the outbreak (P = 0.02), and returned to pre-outbreak levels after the outbreak. Community-based screening remained stable during the outbreak, and increased by 30% post-outbreak (P < 0.001). The proportion diagnosed with moderate acute malnutrition using mid-upper arm circumference increased from respectively 3.6% and 5.1% pre-outbreak in the community and health facilities to 8.2% and 7.9% post-outbreak (P < 0.001, P = 0.003). The proportion of children diagnosed with SAM using a weight-for-age ratio at health facilities increased from 1.5% pre-outbreak to 3.5% post-outbreak (P = 0.003). On average, for every four children diagnosed with SAM per month, one child completed SAM treatment. Conclusion: After a decline in screening during the Ebola outbreak, diagnoses of acute malnutrition increased post-outbreak. Nutrition programmes need to be strengthened to pre-empt such effects in the event of future Ebola outbreaks.

Contexte : Tous les programmes de dépistage de la malnutrition par les structures de santé et dans les communautés à Tonkolili, un district rural affecté par Ebola en Sierra Leone.Objectifs : Avant la flambée épidémique d'Ebola, la Sierra Leone avait fixé l'objectif de réduire la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe grave (MAG) chez les enfants âgés de <5 ans à < 0,2%. Nous avons comparé le nombre d'enfants dépistés, diagnostiqués et traités pour malnutrition avant, pendant et après la flambée épidémique (2013­2016).Schéma : Une étude rétrospective transversale.Résultats : Le dépistage dans les structures de santé a décliné de 16 805 enfants par mois avant Ebola à 13 510 pendant Ebola (P = 0,02), et il est revenu à son niveau d'avant la flambée dans la période post-Ebola. Le dépistage en communauté est resté stable pendant Ebola et a augmenté de 30% post-Ebola (P < 0,001). La proportion d'enfants ayant eu un diagnostic de malnutrition modérée aigüe en fonction du périmètre brachial a augmenté respectivement de 3,6% et de 5,1% avant Ebola en communauté et dans les structures de santé, de 8,2% et de 7,9% après Ebola (P < 0,001 ; P = 0,003). La proportion d'enfants ayant eu un diagnostic de MAG en fonction du poids pour l'âge dans les structures de santé est passée de 1,5% avant Ebola à 3,5% après Ebola (P = 0,003). En moyenne, un enfant a achevé son traitement de MAM sur quatre enfants ayant eu un diagnostic de MAG par mois.Conclusion : Après un déclin dans le dépistage pendant la flambée épidémique d'Ebola, les diagnostics de malnutrition aigüe ont augmenté après Ebola. Un renforcement des programmes de nutrition est nécessaire pour éviter un tel effet lors de futures flambées épidémiques.

Marco de referencia: Todos los programas institucionales y comunitarios de detección de la desnutrición en Tonkolili, un distrito rural de Sierra Leona afectado por el virus del Ébola.Objetivos: Antes del brote epidémico por el virus del Ébola, Sierra Leona se había fijado el objetivo de disminuir a <0,2% la prevalencia de desnutrición aguda grave (SAM) en los niños <5 años de edad. En el presente estudio se comparó el número de niños que participaron en la detección sistemática de la desnutrición, el número de niños diagnosticados y el de niños tratados por desnutrición antes del brote, durante el mismo y después de él (del 2013 al 2016).Método: Fue este un estudio transversal retrospectivo.Resultados: El tamizaje en los establecimientos sanitarios disminuyó de 16 805 niños por mes antes del brote a 13 510 niños por mes durante el mismo (P = 0,02) y la cifra inicial se recuperó después del brote. El tamizaje en la comunidad permaneció estable durante el brote y aumentó un 30% después del mismo (P < 0,001). Al utilizar como medida el perímetro braquial, la proporción de diagnósticos de desnutrición aguda moderada aumentó de 3,6% en la comunidad y 5,1% en los establecimientos antes del brote respectivamente a 8,2% y 7,9% después del mismo (P < 0,001, P = 0,003). Al aplicar los valores del peso para la edad en los establecimientos de salud, la proporción de niños con diagnóstico de SAM pasó del 1,5% antes del brote a 3,5% después del mismo (P = 0,003). En promedio, uno de cada cuatro niños en quienes se diagnosticó SAM cada mes completó su tratamiento.Conclusión: Después de una diminución de la detección sistemática de la desnutrición aguda grave durante el brote epidémico de enfermedad del Ébola, el diagnóstico de desnutrición aguda aumentó después del brote. Es necesario fortalecer los programas de nutrición con el fin de evitar con anticipación estas repercusiones durante los brotes epidémicos en el futuro.

Life goes on: the resilience of maternal primary care during the Ebola outbreak in rural Sierra Leone.

Setting: All 100 health facilities providing maternal services in Moyamba, Sierra Leone, a rural district that experienced a smaller Ebola outbreak than other areas. Objective: To compare trends in antenatal care (the first and fourth visit [ANC1 and ANC4]), delivery, and postnatal care (PNC1) service utilisation before, during and after the Ebola outbreak (2014-2016). Design: Cross-sectional study using secondary programme data. Results: A total of 211 Ebola cases occurred in Moyamba District. The mean number of monthly ANC visits remained stable over time, except for the subset of care provided via outreach visits where, compared with before the outbreak (n = 390), ANC1 visits declined during (n = 331, P = 0.002) and after the outbreak (n = 342, P = 0.03). Most (>97%) deliveries occurred in health facilities, assisted by maternal and child health aides (>80%). During the outbreak, the mean number of community-based deliveries per month declined from 31 to 21 (P = 0.03), and the mean number of deliveries performed by midwives increased from 49 to 78 (P < 0.001) compared with before the outbreak. Before, during and after Ebola, there was no significant change in the mean number of live births (respectively n = 1134, n = 1110, n = 1162), maternal PNC1 (respectively n = 1110, n = 1105, n = 1165) or neonatal PNC1 (respectively n = 1028, n = 1050, n = 1085). Conclusion: In a rural district less affected by Ebola transmission than other areas, utilisation of maternal primary care remained robust, despite the outbreak.

Contexte : Les 100 structures de santé offrant des services de santé maternelle à Moyamba, Sierra Leone, un district rural qui a connu une petite flambée épidémique d'Ebola.Objectif : Comparer les tendances en matière d'utilisation des services de consultation prénatale (ANC1 et ANC4, c'est-à-dire la première consultation and la quatrième consultation ANC), d'accouchement et de soins postnataux (PNC1) avant, pendant et après la flambée épidémique d'Ebola (2014­2016).Schéma : Etude transversale recourant aux données secondaires du programme.Résultats : Il y a eu 211 cas d'Ebola dans le district. Le nombre moyen mensuel des ANC est resté stable dans le temps, à l'exception du sous-ensemble de soins offert à travers des stratégies avancées où, comparé à la période précédant la flambée épidémique (n = 390), les ANC1 ont décliné pendant (n = 331 ; P = 0,002) et après Ebola (n = 342 ; P = 0,03). La majorité des activités (<97%) a eu lieu dans des structures de santé, assistées par des auxiliaires de santé maternelle et infantile (<80%). Pendant la flambée épidémique, le nombre moyen d'accouchements ayant eu lieu en communauté par mois a décliné de 31 à 21 (P = 0,03), et le nombre moyen d'accouchements réalisés par des sages-femmes est passé de 49 à 78 (P < 0,001) par comparaison à la période antérieure. Il n'y a pas eu de changement significatif avant, pendant et après Ebola, dans le nombre moyen de naissances vivantes (n = 1134, n = 1110, n = 1162), de ANC1 maternelles (n = 1110, n = 1105, n = 1165) ou de consultation néonatales (n = 1028, n = 1050, n = 1085).Conclusion : Dans un district rural moins affecté par la transmission d'Ebola, l'utilisation des soins de santé primaires maternels a résisté à la flambée épidémique.

Marco de referencia: Los 100 establecimientos de atención de salud que cuentan con servicios de maternidad en Moyamba, un distrito rural de Sierra Leona donde el brote epidémico por enfermedad del Ébola fue menos intenso.Objetivo: Comparar las tendencias de la utilización de los servicios de atención prenatal (ANC1 et ANC4, es decir, la primera y la cuarta atención ANC), parto y atención posnatal (primera cita postnatal) antes del brote de enfermedad del Ébola, durante el mismo y después de él (del 2014 al 2016).Método: Fue este un estudio transversal con datos secundarios de los programas.Resultados: Se presentaron 211 casos de enfermedad por el virus del Ébola en el distrito. El promedio de consultas mensuales de atención prenatal permaneció estable con el transcurso del tiempo, con la excepción del subconjunto de cuidados prestados por conducto de citas extrainstitucionales, donde en comparación con el periodo anterior al brote (n = 390), las citas por ANC1 disminuyeron durante el brote (n = 331; P = 0,002) y después del mismo (n = 342; P = 0,03). La mayoría de los partos (>97%) tuvo lugar en los establecimientos sanitarios, atendido por auxiliares de salud maternoinfantil (>80%). Durante el brote epidémico, el promedio mensual de partos atendidos en la comunidad disminuyó de 31 a 21 (P = 0,03) y el promedio de partos atendidos por parteras aumentó de 49 a 78 (P < 0,001) en comparación con el período anterior al brote. No se observó ningún cambio significativo antes del brote, durante el mismo o después de él, con respecto al promedio de nacidos vivos (n = 1134, n = 1110 y n = 1162), ANC1 (n = 1110, n = 1105 y n = 1165) ni de primeras consultas posnatales del recién nacido (n = 1028, n = 1050 y n = 1085).Conclusión: En un distrito rural menos afectado por la transmisión de la enfermedad del Ébola, la utilización de los servicios primarios de atención materna resistió al brote epidémico.

Ebola and community health worker services in Kenema District, Sierra Leone: please mind the gap!

Setting: All community health workers (CHWs) in rural Kenema District, Sierra Leone. Objective: CHW programmes provide basic health services to fill gaps in human health resources. We compared trends in the reporting and management of childhood malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia by CHWs before, during and after the Ebola outbreak (2014-2016). Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study using programme data. Results: CHW reporting increased from 59% pre-outbreak to 95% during the outbreak (P < 0.001), and was sustained at 98% post-outbreak. CHWs stopped using rapid diagnostic tests for malaria mid-outbreak, and their use had not resumed post-outbreak. The average monthly number of presumptive treatments for malaria increased from 2931 pre-outbreak to 5013 during and 5331 post-outbreak (P < 0.001). The average number of monthly treatments for diarrhoea and pneumonia decreased from respectively 1063 and 511 pre-outbreak to 547 and 352 during the outbreak (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04). Post-outbreak pneumonia treatments increased (mean 1126 compared to pre-outbreak, P = 0.003), and treatments for diarrhoea returned to pre-outbreak levels (P = 0.2). Conclusion: The CHW programme demonstrated vulnerability, but also resilience, during and in the early period after the Ebola outbreak. Investment in CHWs is required to strengthen the health care system, as they can cover pre-existing gaps in facility-based health care and those created by outbreaks.

Contexte : Tous les travailleurs de santé communautaires (CHW) du district rural de Kenema, Sierra Leone.Objectif : Les programmes de CHW offrent des services de santé de base pour combler les lacunes en matière de ressources humaines en santé. Nous avons comparé les tendances du signalement et de prise en charge du paludisme, de la diarrhée et de la pneumonie de l'enfant par les CHW avant, pendant et après l'épidémie d'Ebola (2014­2016).Schéma : Étude rétrospective transversale sur les données du programme.Résultats : Les rapports des CHW ont augmenté de 59% avant l'épidémie à 95% pendant la flambée (P < 0,001), et se sont maintenus à 98% après la flambée. Les CHW ont arrêté d'utiliser les tests de diagnostic rapide pour le paludisme au milieu de l'épidémie et leur utilisation n'a pas repris après la flambée. Le nombre moyen mensuel de traitements présomptifs du paludisme a augmenté de 2931 avant la flambée à 5013 pendant et 5331 après la flambée (P < 0,001). Le nombre moyen mensuel de traitements pour diarrhée et pneumonie a diminué de 1063 et 511 avant la flambée à 547 et 352, respectivement, pendant la flambée (P = 0,01 et P = 0,04). Après la flambée, les traitements de pneumonie ont augmenté (moyenne 1126 comparée à avant la flambée, P = 0,003), tout comme les traitements pour diarrhée, qui sont remontés aux niveaux précédant la flambée (P = 0,2).Conclusion : Le programme des CHW a démontré sa vulnérabilité, mais également sa résilience, pendant la flambée et dans la brève période qui a suivi l'épidémie d'Ebola. Le renforcement du système de santé devrait investir dans les CHW car ils peuvent combler les lacunes pré-existantes des soins de santé basés dans les structures et celles créées par les épidémies.

Marco de referencia: Todos los agentes de salud comunitarios (CHW) en la zona rural del distrito de Kenema, en Sierra Leona.Objetivo: Los programas de CHWs prestan servicios básicos que compensan las deficiencias de recursos humanos del sistema de salud. En el estudio se comparó la evolución de las notificaciones y el tratamiento del paludismo, la diarrea y la neumonía en los niños por parte de los CHW, antes del brote epidémico de fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola; durante y después del mismo (2014­2016).Método: Fue este un estudio transversal retrospectivo a partir de los datos del programa.Resultado: La notificación por parte de los CHW aumentó de 59% antes del brote a 95% durante el mismo (P < 0,001) y permaneció estable en 98% después de la epidemia. Los CHW interrumpieron la utilización de las pruebas diagnósticas rápidas del paludismo en la mitad del período epidémico y no reanudaron su aplicación al finalizar el brote. El número promedio de tratamientos de presunción por paludismo aumentó de 2931 antes del brote a 5013 durante el mismo y 5331 después de la epidemia (P < 0,001). El promedio de tratamientos mensuales por diarrea y neumonía disminuyó respectivamente de 1063 y 511 antes del brote a 547 y 352 durante el mismo (P = 0,01 y P = 0,04). Después de la epidemia del Ébola los tratamientos por neumonía aumentaron (promedio 1126; P = 0,003) con respecto al período anterior al brote y los tratamientos por diarrea recuperaron las cifras anteriores a la epidemia (P = 0,2).Conclusión: Se puso de manifiesto la vulnerabilidad del programa de CHW a la epidemia del Ébola, pero se demostró también su capacidad de recuperación durante el brote y el período inicial después de la epidemia. El fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud debe comportar una inversión en los CHW, que pueden cubrir las lagunas prexistentes de la atención institucional de la salud y las deficiencias que aparecen como resultado de las epidemias.

Long-term future risk of severe exacerbations: Distinct 5-year trajectories of problematic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Assessing future risk of exacerbations is an important component of asthma management. Existing studies have investigated short- but not long-term risk. Problematic asthma patients with unfavorable long-term disease trajectory and persistently frequent severe exacerbations need to be identified early to guide treatment. AIM: To identify distinct trajectories of severe exacerbation rates among "problematic asthma" patients and develop a risk score to predict the most unfavorable trajectory. METHODS: Severe exacerbation rates over five years for 177 "problematic asthma" patients presenting to a specialist asthma clinic were tracked. Distinct trajectories of severe exacerbation rates were identified using group-based trajectory modeling. Baseline predictors of trajectory were identified and used to develop a clinical risk score for predicting the most unfavorable trajectory. RESULTS: Three distinct trajectories were found: 58.5% had rare intermittent severe exacerbations ("infrequent"), 32.0% had frequent severe exacerbations at baseline but improved subsequently ("nonpersistently frequent"), and 9.5% exhibited persistently frequent severe exacerbations, with the highest incidence of near-fatal asthma ("persistently frequent"). A clinical risk score composed of ≥2 severe exacerbations in the past year (+2 points), history of near-fatal asthma (+1 point), body mass index ≥25kg/m2 (+1 point), obstructive sleep apnea (+1 point), gastroesophageal reflux (+1 point), and depression (+1 point) was predictive of the "persistently frequent" trajectory (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.84, sensitivity 72.2%, specificity 81.1% using cutoff ≥3 points). The trajectories and clinical risk score had excellent performance in an independent validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with problematic asthma follow distinct illness trajectories over a period of five years. We have derived and validated a clinical risk score that accurately identifies patients who will have persistently frequent severe exacerbations in the future.

Microplastic ingestion reduces energy intake in the clam Atactodea striata.

The effects of microplastic concentrations (10itemsl-1 and 1000itemsl-1) on the physiological responses of Atactodea striata (clearance rate, absorption efficiency, respiration rate) were investigated. The fates of ingested microplastics and the efficiency of depuration in removing ingested microplastics were also studied. A. striata ingested microplastics and the clearance rate was reduced at high concentration of microplastics. Since the respiration rate and absorption efficiency remained unchanged in exposed A. striata, reduction in the clearance rate would reduce the energy intake. Ingestion and retention of microplastics in the body were further limited by the production of pseudofaeces and faeces, and depuration in clean water, resulting in a very small amount of microplastics stored in the body of the clam.

Characteristics and outcomes of women initiating ART during pregnancy versus breastfeeding in Option B+ in Malawi.

BACKGROUND: Malawi adopted the PMTCT strategy 'Option B+' in 2011, providing life-long ART for all HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women. We explored differences in characteristics and outcomes of women initiating ART during pregnancy versus breastfeeding. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of women in Zomba District, southern Malawi, from January 2012- September 2013. Data were extracted from the Zomba District Observational Cohort Study, a surveillance project collecting data from standardized Ministry of Health ART monitoring tools. RESULTS: 1986 (67.2 %) women initiated ART during pregnancy and 969 (32.8 %) during breastfeeding. Women initiating ART in breastfeeding were more likely to be > 30 years (aOR = 1.33, 95 % CI1.11-1.59, p = 0.003) and have WHO Stage 3/4 (aOR = 2.74, 95 % CI1.94-3.87, p < 0.001). Eighteen (0.6 %) deaths occurred and 942 (31.9 %) women defaulted ART. 'Early' death (< 30 days) occurred in 3 (0.1 %) women and 449 (16.4 %) women defaulted early. Death/default < 30 days was more likely among women initiating ART during pregnancy (aOR 1.62, 95 % CI1.28-2.05, p < 0.001) or < 30 years old (aOR 1.27, 95 % CI 1.02-1.57, p = 0.03) and was less likely among those with WHO Stage 3/4 (aOR 0.30, 95 % CI 0.15-0.60, p < 0.001). Using Kaplan-Meier estimators to investigate time to death/default, we showed a sharp drop in death/default-free survival probability at time zero, yet survival probability decreased in a nearly linear manner after this initial period of high default. Women under 30 years had increased rates of death/default over time (log rank test: p < 0.001), however no significant differences were observed in death/default over time associated with timing of ART initiation, documented clinical stage at initiation, health clinic size or adherence rates. CONCLUSIONS: Many women in Malawi started ART during breastfeeding within Option B+ and were older and had more advanced WHO Clinical Staging. This represents a missed PMTCT opportunity to initiate treatment early in pregnancy. Early defaulting is identified as a challenge within Option B+, and was more likely among younger women and those initiating ART in pregnancy. Targeted research to understand factors associated with uptake of ART during pregnancy and retention in care could improve the efficacy of Option B+ in Malawi.